1. General character inspection

(1) Urine volume: 20-40ml/kg/day for dogs and 22-30ml/kg/day for cats with abnormal urine volume— —

1. Polyuria is more common in the following diseases

(1) Endocrine diseases: such as diabetes, primary hyperparathyroidism and primary aldosteronism.

(2) Kidney diseases: such as chronic pyelonephritis, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic renal tubular failure, etc.

(3) Mental polyuria: It is mostly caused by mental factors, such as tension, too much work pressure and so on.

2. Oliguria or anuria is common in the following diseases

(1) Kidney diseases: such as acute glomerulonephritis, acute exacerbation of chronic nephritis, acute renal failure, etc.

(2) Shock, severe dehydration or electrolyte imbalance caused by various reasons, or urinary tract obstruction caused by various reasons.

(2) Color: normal fresh urine is pale yellow for dogs, and yellow and transparent for cats. After standing for a period of time, a small amount of flocculent precipitation can be seen. The color of urine is often related to food, drugs and the amount of urine. Common urine with abnormal color is as follows-

1. When red urine contains a certain amount of red blood cells, the urine is red, which is called hematuria in medicine. Common in renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, kidney or urinary tract stones, acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis and so on. Also seen in bleeding disorders, such as thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia and so on. Note: When taking pigments, drugs, etc., it will also cause red urine, which needs to be carefully identified.

2. Soy sauce or strong brown color are common in fava bean disease, black urine fever, acute hepatitis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and blood transfusion reaction of incompatibility.

3. Milky white is common in filariasis, tuberculosis, tumor, chest and abdomen trauma or some reasons cause the obstruction of lymphatic circulation around the kidney. In addition, when the patient suffers from urinary system infections, such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, etc., white cloud-like precipitation can be seen after the urine is placed. Note: In normal urine, if it contains a lot of phosphate, the urine can also be milky white, especially in winter when the temperature is low.

4. Yellow is common in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice. This is due to the high levels of conjugated bilirubin in the urine. It can also be seen after taking certain drugs, such as riboflavin, berberine, metronidazole, etc. 5. Blue-green is more common in the use of methylene blue, indomethacin, triamterene and other drugs.

(3) Odor

After normal urine is placed for a long time, ammonia odor may appear due to the decomposition of urea. If the urine smells of ammonia when it is excreted, it is more likely to suffer from chronic cystitis or chronic urinary retention. If the urine has an apple-like smell, it is more common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, eating certain foods, such as garlic and green onions, can also cause urine to have a special smell.

2. Urine routine examination

(1) Urobilinogen

Normal reference value: positive

Urobilinogen in urine There is only a trace amount under physiological conditions, and it increases slightly during starvation, after meals, exercise, etc., but if the urine is diluted more than 4 times, it is still positive, indicating an increase in urobilinogen, which is a pathological indication.

Increased urinary urobilinogen is common in the following diseases - impaired liver function, such as liver disease, heart failure, etc.

Bilirubin production in the body is increased and the bile duct is unblocked, which is more common in patients with internal bleeding or various hemolytic diseases.

Urobilinogen reabsorbed from the intestinal tract is increased, which is more common in patients with intractable constipation and intestinal obstruction.

Negative, seen in obstructive jaundice.

(II) Urinary bilirubin

Normal reference value:

Negative (-)

Clinical significance: Urinary bilirubin Primer examination is an important examination to show liver cell damage and identify jaundice. Positive: seen in obstructive jaundice caused by cholelithiasis, biliary tract tumor, biliary tract roundworm, pancreatic head cancer, etc., and hepatocellular jaundice caused by liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, and hepatocyte necrosis. Negative: Negative reaction in hemolytic jaundice. Urinary bilirubin is negative in hepatic and obstructive jaundice with severe renal impairment.

(3) Normal reference value of ketone body: negative (-) Clinical significance: positive, seen in diabetes, acidosis, vomiting during pregnancy, eclampsia, diarrhea, poisoning, typhoid, measles, scarlet fever, pneumonia, sepsis , Acute rheumatic fever, acute miliary pulmonary nodules, convulsions, etc. In addition, starvation, excessive intake of fat and protein after childbirth, etc. can also be positive.

(4) Normal reference value of occult blood: negative

(5) Protein

Normal reference value: negative

Positive clinical significance: Found in various acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, multiple myeloma, after kidney transplantation, nephrotic syndrome caused by various causes, etc.;

Urinary system infection: such as pyelonephritis, bladder Other diseases: such as cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, sepsis, leukemia, etc.

In addition, the damage of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by poisoning by drugs, mercury and palladium can also be positive.

(6) Nitrate

Normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: positive, found in cystitis, pyelonephritis and other urinary system infections.

(7) Normal reference value of white blood cells: negative

Clinical significance: increased: seen in acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, bladder inflammation, urethritis, urethral tuberculosis, etc.

(8) Normal reference value of glucose: negative

Clinical significance: positive, found in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, anterior pituitary hyperfunction, oncocytoma, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer , Severe renal insufficiency, etc. In addition, traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular accident, concussion, acute myocardial infarction, etc., can also appear stress-induced diabetes. After eating too much high sugar, it can also produce a transient increase in blood sugar, making the urine sugar positive.

(9) Specific Gravity

The urine specific gravity of infants and young children is low, and the urine specific gravity is affected by age, water intake and sweating. The level of urine specific gravity mainly depends on the concentration function of the kidneys, so the determination of urine specific gravity can be used as one of the renal function tests. Normal reference value: dog 1.015-1.045, cat 1.015-1.060 Clinical significance:

Decreased urine specific gravity: common in chronic pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure polyuria period etc.

Increased urine specific gravity: more common in diabetes, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, shock, acute glomerulonephritis and heart failure.

(10) PH

Normal reference value: The pH value (acidity and alkalinity) of dog and cat urine is between 5.0-7.0, generally around 6.0. Normal urine is weakly acidic, but it can also be neutral or weakly alkaline. The pH of urine depends largely on the type of diet, drugs taken and the type of disease. Clinical significance: Urine pH is lower than normal: common in acidosis, diabetes, gout, leukemia, or taking acidic drugs (such as ammonium chloride); Urine pH is higher than normal: more common in alkalosis, cystitis, or taking sodium bicarbonate and other alkaline drugs.

(11) Vitamin C

Normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: Vitamin C is affected by food. It may be higher than normal, which is normal. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is similar to the reducing agent in chemical reactions. Therefore, any laboratory examination, as long as there is oxidation