1. Urine output

Dog 20-40ml/kg Several cases of abnormal urine output of cats with 22-30ml/kg/day per day - 1. Polyuria is more common in the following diseases (1) Endocrine diseases: such as diabetes, primary hyperparathyroidism and primary aldosterone hyperplasia, etc. (2) Kidney diseases: such as chronic pyelonephritis, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic renal tubular failure, etc. (3) Mental polyuria: It is mostly caused by mental factors, such as tension, too much work pressure, etc. 2. Oliguria or anuria is common in the following diseases (1) Kidney diseases: such as acute glomerulonephritis, acute exacerbation of chronic nephritis, acute renal failure, etc. (2) Shock, severe dehydration or electrolyte imbalance caused by various reasons, or urinary tract obstruction caused by various reasons.

2. Color

Normal fresh urine is pale yellow in dogs and yellow transparent liquid in cats. After standing for a period of time, a small amount of flocculent precipitation can be seen. The color of urine is often related to food, drugs and the amount of urine. Common urine with abnormal color is as follows: 1. When red urine contains a certain amount of red blood cells, the urine is red, which is medically called hematuria. Common in renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, kidney or urinary tract stones, acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis and so on. Also seen in bleeding disorders, such as thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia and so on. Note: When taking pigments, drugs, etc., it will also cause red urine, which needs to be carefully identified. 2. Soy sauce or strong brown color is common in broad bean disease, black urine fever, acute hepatitis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and blood transfusion reaction of incompatibility. 3. Milky white is common in filariasis, tuberculosis, tumor, chest and abdomen trauma or some reasons cause the obstruction of lymphatic circulation around the kidney. In addition, when the patient suffers from urinary system infections, such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, etc., white cloud-like precipitation can be seen after the urine is placed. Note: In normal urine, if it contains a lot of phosphate, the urine can also be milky white, especially in winter when the temperature is low. 4. Yellow is common in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice. This is due to the high levels of conjugated bilirubin in the urine. It can also be seen after taking certain drugs, such as riboflavin, berberine, metronidazole, etc. 5. Blue-green is more common in the use of methylene blue, indomethacin, triamterene and other drugs.

3. Odor

After normal urine is stored for a long time, ammonia odor may appear due to the decomposition of urea. If the urine smells of ammonia when it is excreted, it is more likely to suffer from chronic cystitis or chronic urinary retention. If the urine has an apple-like smell, it is more common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, eating certain foods, such as garlic and green onions, can also cause urine to have a special smell.

1. Urobilinogen

Normal reference value: positive

Urobilinogen in urine There is only a trace amount in physiological conditions, and it increases slightly during starvation, after meals, exercise, etc., but if the urine is diluted more than 4 times, it is still positive, indicating an increase in urobilinogen, which is a pathological indication.

Increased urinary urobilinogen is common in the following diseases - impaired liver function, such as liver disease, heart failure, etc.

Bilirubin production in the body is increased and the bile duct is unblocked, which is more common in patients with internal bleeding or various hemolytic diseases.

Urobilinogen reabsorbed from the intestinal tract is increased, which is more common in patients with intractable constipation and intestinal obstruction.

Negative, seen in obstructive jaundice.

2. Urinary bilirubin

Normal reference value:

Negative (-)

Clinical Significance: Urinary bilirubin test is an important test to show liver cell damage and identify jaundice. Positive: seen in obstructive jaundice caused by cholelithiasis, biliary tract tumor, biliary tract roundworm, pancreatic head cancer, etc., and hepatocellular jaundice caused by liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, and hepatocyte necrosis. Negative: Negative reaction in hemolytic jaundice. Urinary bilirubin is negative in hepatic and obstructive jaundice with severe renal impairment.

3. Ketone body

Normal reference value: negative (-) Clinical significance: positive, seen in diabetes, acidosis, vomiting in pregnancy, eclampsia, Diarrhea, poisoning, typhoid fever, measles, scarlet fever, pneumonia, sepsis, acute rheumatic fever, acute miliary pulmonary nodules, convulsions, etc. In addition, starvation, excessive intake of fat and protein after childbirth, etc. can also be positive.

4. Occult blood

Normal reference value: negative

5. Protein

Normal reference value: negative

Positive clinical significance: seen in various acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, multiple myeloma, after kidney transplantation, nephrotic syndrome caused by various reasons Symptoms, etc.;

Urinary system infection: such as pyelonephritis, cystitis or renal tuberculosis, etc.;

Other diseases: such as cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, thyroid Hyperfunction, systemic lupus erythematosus, sepsis, leukemia, etc.

In addition, the damage of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by poisoning by drugs, mercury and palladium can also be positive.

6. Nitrate

Normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: positive, found in cystitis, pyelonephritis, etc. Urinary tract infection.

7. White blood cell normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: increased: seen in acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, bladder inflammation, urethritis , urethral tuberculosis, etc.

8. Glucose Normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: positive, seen in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, anterior pituitary hyperactivity, and oncocytoma , pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, severe renal insufficiency, etc. In addition, traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular accident, concussion, acute myocardial infarction, etc., can also appear stress-induced diabetes. After eating too much high sugar, it can also produce a transient increase in blood sugar, making the urine sugar positive.

9. Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of urine in infants and young children is low, and the specific gravity of urine is affected by age, water intake and sweating. The level of urine specific gravity mainly depends on the concentration function of the kidneys, so the determination of urine specific gravity can be used as one of the renal function tests. Normal reference value: dog 1.015-1.045, cat 1.015-1.060 Clinical significance:

Decreased urine specific gravity: common in chronic pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure polyuria period etc.

Increased urine specific gravity: more common in diabetes, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, shock, acute glomerulonephritis and heart failure.

10.PH

Normal reference value: The pH value (acidity and alkalinity) of dog and cat urine is between 5.0-7.0, generally around 6.0. Normal urine is weakly acidic, but it can also be neutral or weakly alkaline. The pH of urine depends largely on the type of diet, drugs taken and the type of disease. Clinical significance: Urine pH is lower than normal: common in acidosis, diabetes, gout, leukemia, or taking acidic drugs (such as ammonium chloride); Urine pH is higher than normal: more common in alkalosis, cystitis, or taking sodium bicarbonate and other alkaline drugs.

11.Vitamin C

Normal reference value: negative

Clinical significance: Vitamin C is affected by food, if vitamin C is in food If the C content is high, the urine may be higher than the normal value, which is normal. Vitamin C, an antioxidant, is similar to the reducing agent in chemical reactions. Therefore, any laboratory examination, as long as there is a redox reaction process in it, vitamin C may participate in it, which will affect the test results. Among them, the most common is the impact on urinalysis. A large intake of vitamin C can cause false negative results in urine occult blood, urine sugar, urine ketones, and nitrites and other test items (it was a problem, but failed to check out), which may cause doctors to misjudge the disease. Therefore, urine routine vitamin C+3 will not directly have a great impact on the body.

Urine indicators can be roughly divided into four categories: kidney disease, diabetes, urinary infection and other diseases.

1. Kidney disease indicators pH (pH), specific gravity (SG), occult blood or red blood cells (BLD, ERY), protein (PRO) and color (COL). The normal reference values are: 4.6-8.0, 1.005-1.030, positive, negative, light yellow to dark yellow. Changes in these indicators may indicate renal impairment.

2. Diabetes indicators pH (pH), protein, specific gravity, sugar (GLU) and ketone body (KET). The detection of these indicators can help diagnose related complications and whether some organs of the body are damaged, such as whether there is ketosis. Normally, urine glucose and ketone bodies are negative.

3. Urinary infection indicators white blood cells (WBC), occult blood or red blood cells, nitrite (NIT), color and turbidity (TUR). When the urinary system is infected with bacteria, white blood cells and red blood cells are often present in the urine, the color or turbidity of the urine also changes, and it is sometimes positive for nitrite. The chemical detection of urine white blood cells and occult blood or red blood cells only plays a screening role, and the clinical diagnosis is based on the results of microscopic examination.

4. Other disease indicators are mainly pH, specific gravity, bilirubin (BIL), urobilinogen (URO), color and other indicators. The two indicators of bilirubin and urobilinogen reflect the ability and quantity of the liver to metabolize heme. Under normal circumstances, urinary bilirubin is negative and urobilinogen is weakly positive. When the above indicators increase, it often indicates jaundice, and the urine color is yellow-green.

Reminder: 1+ or 3+ appears after some items on the urine routine analysis test sheet...or +, +++, the surface test result is positive; on the contrary, if it is - ” means the test result is negative. When reading the report, analyze the report objectively, because there are many interfering factors that affect the accuracy of the test results, such as dietary factors, some interfering substances in the urine, etc. When the urine routine test is abnormal, please don't be too nervous and worried; similarly, when there are test results that are inconsistent with clinical manifestations, don't be blindly optimistic. Be sure to cooperate with the clinician for further examination and analysis, so as not to delay the diagnosis of the disease.