As a domestic pet, cats are independent and easy to care for. In recent years, more and more cats are kept. While domestic cats bring happiness to people, more and more abnormal urination behaviors are shown, which brings great trouble to the owners. For our veterinarians, there are also many factors for abnormal urination in cats. In addition to pathological factors, urination caused by abnormal behavior has also been confirmed more and more, which also brings great challenges to our doctors' clear diagnosis.

1. Abnormal urination

Changes in the frequency, urgency, quantity, location, etc. Can be called abnormal urination.

1. Etiology

The causes of abnormal urination are usually divided into uropathological factors and non-uropathological factors. Among the pathological factors of the urinary tract, the common causes include urinary calculi, urinary tract infection, spontaneous cystitis, urinary tract tumors, ureteral abnormalities, and changes in urethral neuromuscular control. Changes in estrus behavior and behavioral abnormalities, such as psychological disorders.

2. Clinical symptoms

The sick animals usually show two types of symptoms: one is painful urination, such as frequent urination, urgency and pain, hematuria, Urinary dripping, urinary retention, irritability, spontaneous cystitis, urinary tract bacterial infection, urinary calculi, urinary tract tumors, etc. are all such symptoms; The urine volume and color have symptoms of urgency to urinate, or individual animals may experience urinary incontinence or urinary retention, but estrus, abnormal behavior, spontaneous cystitis, ureteral heterotopia, and changes in neuromuscular control have not caused urination. Painful symptoms.

3. Diagnosis In cases of abnormal urination, B-ultrasound, X-ray photography, urinalysis, hematological examination and complete neurological examination can be used to clarify the cause of abnormal urination. In addition, some special tests may be required, such as urography, etc., to determine special diseases such as ureteral ectopic.

Comprehensive information on consultation and laboratory tests, the causes that can be relatively definitively diagnosed include urinary calculi, urinary tract bacterial infection, estrus, tumor and ureteral ectopic; and some spontaneous cystitis, abnormal behavior, Neurological abnormalities are less easily diagnosed.

II. Disease statistics

The author counted 95 cases of cats with abnormal urination in our hospital in the past 4 years from 2009 to 2013. According to the analysis mode of Kanger et al., the etiology, gender, and prognosis are listed in Table 1.

In the above statistics, we found that urinary calculi and spontaneous cystitis were the most common causes, accounting for 53% (40/95) and 37% (28/95), respectively, but no ureteral abnormalities were found. and changes in neuromuscular control of the urethra may be related to inadequate examination techniques. In all the statistical cases, except for one case of urethral tumor, the prognosis of the rest is relatively good, and the cure rate is more than 80%. In the above table, the incidence rate of male animals was 71% (67/95), while that of female animals was 29% (28/95).

III. Discussion

In the statistical results, we found that the incidence of male animals was significantly higher than that of female animals, which may be related to the urethral structure of male cats . Male cats have longer and smaller urethra than females, making them more prone to urethral obstruction. In addition, persistent licking of the penis by cats in some cases resulted in mucosal damage, hemorrhage, and aggravated clinical symptoms of abnormal urination. Therefore, males are more common in cats with various forms of urinary tract infection, obstruction, inflammation, etc.

In the 4 statistical reports by Kruger et al., the proportion of cat spontaneous blinking in patients with abnormal urination is about 55%--69%, followed by urolithiasis. About 13% to 28%; and the statistics of our hospital show that cat urolithiasis accounts for about 53% of the cases, and spontaneous cystitis accounts for about 37%. Cats with urolithiasis usually have symptoms such as hematuria and urgency and pain in urination, which are easy for owners to pay attention to. This is probably the reason why cats with urolithiasis account for a high proportion of abnormal urination cases in our hospital.

There are few reports of disease caused by estrus in foreign data, which may be related to early sterilization. In the case statistics of our hospital, the cases of abnormal urination due to estrus accounted for about 18.9% (18/95). Through disease consultation, we found that a large number of cats have symptoms of non-painful urination abnormalities, such as changes in urination location, rather than changes in urine volume and urination status. The examination of the doctor can help diagnose such diseases.

A lot of information about the diagnosis, meticulous physical examination and corresponding laboratory tests are needed to rule out the existence of other disease factors. Such abnormal behaviors in cats are usually caused by anxiety, depression and even fear, which are generally related to the stimulation of the cat by changes in the environment.

In addition to conventional treatment, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and clomipramine may also be required for the treatment of behavioral dysuria. Among the 5 cats diagnosed with behavioral abnormal urination in our hospital, mirtazapine was administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg, and the owners were asked to improve some behaviors that may cause anxiety and fear in cats. 4 cats had no symptoms after two weeks of treatment. disappear.

Mirtazapine is a new type of noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant. Zhu Jianzhong, Wang Jinliang and others reported the therapeutic advantages of mirtazapine in human depression, Mo has good antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects, and the adverse reactions are significantly lower than those of traditional antidepressants, mainly including increased appetite and faster onset of action. The use of mirtazapine in our hospital has achieved good therapeutic effect, and the cure rate has reached 80% (4/5).

Urinary occlusive dysuria requires prompt treatment. Among the 40 cats with urolithiasis, 25 had symptoms of urinary retention, among which 17 cases had elevated serum potassium, and even 5 cases had elevated serum potassium above 8.0mm01/1. Among the treated cases, there was one case due to hyperkalemia (8.6mm01/1), which had symptoms such as quadriplegia and mild coma only 3 minutes after the start of the treatment. Therefore, timely control of hyperkalemia and other crises is crucial in cases of urinary retention.