Biological products refer to preparations for prevention, diagnosis and treatment prepared from microorganisms or their toxins, enzymes, human or animal serum and cells. Biological products for vaccination include vaccines, bacterins, and toxoids. Among them, vaccines are made of bacteria; vaccines are made of viruses, rickettsia and spirochetes, and are sometimes collectively referred to as vaccines.

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1 . Dead vaccines

Select bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, etc. with good immunogenicity, which are artificially cultured and then killed by physical or chemical methods. . This vaccine loses reproductive capacity but retains immunogenicity. After the dead vaccine enters the human body, it cannot grow and reproduce, and the stimulation time to the body is short, and repeated vaccinations are required to obtain lasting immunity.

2. Live vaccines

Live vaccines or live attenuated vaccines are made by using artificial directed mutation methods, or by screening live microorganisms with weakened virulence or basically avirulent from nature. Commonly used live vaccines include Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), measles vaccine, and polio vaccine. After inoculation, it has the ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which is close to natural infection and can stimulate the body's lasting immunity to pathogens. The dose of live vaccine is smaller and the duration of immunization is longer. Live vaccines are more effective than dead vaccines.

3. Subunit vaccine (component vaccine)

Remove the unprotected and even harmful components of pathogens and retain their effective immunogenic components After that, the vaccine is made. The influenza virus can be split with chemical reagents, and its hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are proposed to be made; the subunit vaccine can be made of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide.

4. Genetic recombinant vaccines

It is made by genetic engineering technology, such as inserting the HBSAg gene encoding into the yeast genome to make genetic recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Genetic recombination methods can also produce more kinds of vaccines, cheaper, safer and more effective vaccines or multivalent vaccines.

5. Toxoids

Extracellular toxins lose their toxicity after being treated with formaldehyde, but still retain their immunogenicity and are toxoids. Add appropriate amount of aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide to adsorb and refine toxoid. Slow absorption in the body, can stimulate the body for a long time, produce higher titer antibodies, and enhance the immune effect. Commonly used toxoids include diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid.

1. Antitoxin

2. Antibacterial and antiviral serum

3. Gamma globulin

4. Specific Immunoglobulin

5. Immunoribonucleic Acid

6. Transfer Factor

7. Thymosin

8 .Interferon

Both artificial active immunization and artificial passive immunization can increase the body's ability to resist disease, but the latter has a short duration and is mainly used for treatment and emergency prevention.